Reforestation.
Maintenance of forests on what are called essential areas, such as high
altitudes and slopes, as tending to prevent floods and erosion. (France
here gives most impressive example in planning to bring under conrol about
three thousand torrential streams in the Alps, Pyrenees, Ardennes, and
Cevennes by means, partly at least, of afforestation, $14,000,000 out of
$40,000,000 being provided for this purpose. [Footnote: Van Hise, p. 247.]
Italy, because of the greatly increased destruction by the Po, has begun
the reforestation of the Apennines to the extent of a million acres.)
Battle with insect pests and finally the substitution of other materials
for wood, thus not only saving the trees but diminishing the losses by
fire.
_Land._ [Footnote: Van Hise, pp. 307-352.]--The control of water to
prevent erosion, deep tillage, and contour ploughing. The restoration of
nitrogen and phosphorus by rotation of crops, phosphates, fertilizers, and
electricity. The destruction of noxious insects, mammals, and weeds.
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